NASA awards $105M contract for GOES-R satellite sensor development and support through 2039
Contract Overview
Contract Amount: $105,230,209 ($105.2M)
Contractor: THE Regents of the University of Colorado
Awarding Agency: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Start Date: 2007-08-23
End Date: 2039-06-25
Contract Duration: 11,629 days
Daily Burn Rate: $9.0K/day
Competition Type: NOT COMPETED
Number of Offers Received: 1
Pricing Type: COST NO FEE
Sector: Other
Official Description: TAS::80 0120::TAS THIS CONTRACT IS FOR THE TASKS NECESSARY TO DESIGN, ANALYZE, DEVELOP, FABRICATE, INTEGRATE, TEST, EVALUATE AND SUPPORT LAUNCH OF THE EUVS XRS IRRADIANCE SENSORS (EXIS), SUPPLY AND MAINTAIN THE INSTRUMENT GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (GSE), AND SUPPORT THE SATELLITE OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER (SOCC). THE EXIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NON-PRIMARY INSTRUMENT SUITE ON THE GOES-R SATELLITE AND HAS A RISK CLASSIFICATION OF B. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PROVIDE THE PERSONNEL, MATERIALS, FACILITIES AND OTHER RESOURCES TO DESIGN, DEVELOP, DELIVER AND SUPPORT UNDER THE BASIC CONTRACT: A) PARTS AND MATERIALS FOR 4 FLIGHT MODELS B) ONE EXIS FLIGHT MODEL (FM) C) THREE SETS OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TEST EQUIPMENT (ESTE) D) TWO EXIS EMULATORS (EXISES) E) TWO FLIGHT SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS (FSDES) F) ONE GROUND PROCESSING DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM (GPDS) G) SPARES FOR THE FOUR FMS H) ALL ADDITIONAL EXIS MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (MGSE AND EGSE) CALLED OUT ELSEWHERE IN THIS DOCUMENT I) ALL ITEMS AND DOCUMENTS SPECIFIED IN ALL CONTRACT DOCUMENTS THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PROVIDE THE PERSONNEL, MATERIALS, FACILITIES AND OTHER RESOURCES TO DESIGN, DEVELOP, DELIVER AND SUPPORT: A) OPTION 1 FOR AN ADDITIONAL FLIGHT MODEL (FM-2) B) OPTION 2 FOR AN ADDITIONAL FLIGHT MODEL (FM-3) C) OPTION 3FOR AN ADDITIONAL FLIGHT MODEL (FM-3)
Place of Performance
Location: BOULDER, BOULDER County, COLORADO, 80303
State: Colorado Government Spending
Plain-Language Summary
National Aeronautics and Space Administration obligated $105.2 million to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO for work described as: TAS::80 0120::TAS THIS CONTRACT IS FOR THE TASKS NECESSARY TO DESIGN, ANALYZE, DEVELOP, FABRICATE, INTEGRATE, TEST, EVALUATE AND SUPPORT LAUNCH OF THE EUVS XRS IRRADIANCE SENSORS (EXIS), SUPPLY AND MAINTAIN THE INSTRUMENT GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (GSE), AND SUPPORT THE SATELLITE … Key points: 1. Contract focuses on critical EUVS XRS Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) for GOES-R satellite. 2. Long-term support and maintenance included, extending through June 2039. 3. Risk classification of 'B' indicates moderate risk for the EXIS instrument suite. 4. Includes fabrication of multiple flight models and associated test equipment. 5. Contractor will provide personnel, materials, and facilities for development and support. 6. Cost-plus-fixed-fee contract type suggests potential for cost overruns. 7. Significant duration of over 11,000 days highlights long-term program commitment.
Value Assessment
Rating: fair
The contract value of $105.2 million for the design, development, and support of the EUVS XRS Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) appears substantial given the scope. The cost-plus-fixed-fee structure warrants close monitoring for cost efficiency. Benchmarking against similar satellite instrument development contracts would be necessary for a definitive value assessment, but the long duration and complexity suggest a significant investment. The inclusion of ground support equipment and satellite operations control center support adds to the overall value proposition.
Cost Per Unit: N/A
Competition Analysis
Competition Level: sole-source
This contract was awarded on a sole-source basis, meaning it was not competed among multiple vendors. This approach is often used when a specific contractor possesses unique capabilities, intellectual property, or has been involved in the program from its inception, making competition impractical or detrimental to program continuity. The lack of competition means that price discovery through market forces was not utilized, potentially leading to higher costs than if multiple bids were solicited.
Taxpayer Impact: For taxpayers, a sole-source award means that the government did not leverage competitive bidding to secure the best possible price. This can result in a higher expenditure for the services rendered compared to a competed contract.
Public Impact
The primary beneficiaries are NASA and the scientific community, who will utilize the data from the GOES-R satellite for weather forecasting and space weather monitoring. Services delivered include the design, analysis, development, fabrication, integration, testing, and support of the EXIS instrument suite. Geographic impact is global, as GOES-R satellites provide continuous monitoring of weather and environmental conditions across North America and surrounding regions. Workforce implications include employment for engineers, scientists, technicians, and support staff involved in the development and operation of the EXIS instrument.
Waste & Efficiency Indicators
Waste Risk Score: 50 / 10
Warning Flags
- Sole-source award limits price competition, potentially increasing costs for taxpayers.
- Cost-plus-fixed-fee contract type can incentivize cost overruns if not managed stringently.
- Long contract duration (over 30 years) increases exposure to potential scope creep and evolving technological requirements.
- Risk classification of 'B' for the instrument suggests potential technical challenges during development and operation.
- Lack of explicit small business subcontracting goals in the provided data could limit opportunities for smaller firms.
Positive Signals
- Contract ensures continuity of critical sensor development and support for a vital national asset (GOES-R).
- The contractor, The Regents of the University of Colorado, has a direct role in the development, suggesting specialized expertise.
- Long-term nature of the contract provides stability for program execution and personnel retention.
- Inclusion of ground support and satellite operations support indicates a comprehensive approach to instrument lifecycle management.
Sector Analysis
This contract falls within the aerospace and defense sector, specifically focusing on satellite instrumentation and space-based observation systems. The market for such specialized components is typically dominated by a few highly capable firms due to the stringent technical requirements and high barriers to entry. NASA's GOES-R program represents a significant investment in Earth observation technology, and this contract is a key component of that larger initiative. Comparable spending benchmarks would involve looking at other major satellite instrument development contracts, which often run into tens or hundreds of millions of dollars.
Small Business Impact
The provided data indicates that small business participation (sb) is false and that the contract is not a small business set-aside (ss is false). This suggests that the primary contractor is likely a large entity, and there are no explicit requirements for subcontracting to small businesses mandated within the basic contract terms as presented. The impact on the small business ecosystem is therefore minimal in terms of direct set-aside opportunities, though the prime contractor may engage small businesses as subcontractors at their discretion.
Oversight & Accountability
Oversight for this contract would primarily fall under NASA's program management and contracting offices. Given the long duration and complexity, regular performance reviews, milestone tracking, and financial audits would be expected. The Inspector General's office for NASA would have jurisdiction to investigate any potential fraud, waste, or abuse. Transparency would be facilitated through NASA's public reporting mechanisms for its major programs, though specific contract details might be sensitive.
Related Government Programs
- GOES-R Series Satellite Program
- Space-Based Weather Monitoring Systems
- Satellite Instrument Development
- Aerospace Engineering Services
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Programs (as GOES data is used by NOAA)
Risk Flags
- Sole-source award may limit cost savings.
- Cost-plus-fixed-fee contract requires diligent oversight to manage costs.
- Long contract duration increases risk of scope creep and obsolescence.
- Moderate risk classification ('B') for instrument requires careful technical management.
Tags
nasa, space-exploration, satellite-development, instrumentation, engineering-services, sole-source, cost-plus-fixed-fee, long-term-contract, weather-monitoring, colorado, definitive-contract, risk-classification-b
Frequently Asked Questions
What is this federal contract paying for?
National Aeronautics and Space Administration awarded $105.2 million to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. TAS::80 0120::TAS THIS CONTRACT IS FOR THE TASKS NECESSARY TO DESIGN, ANALYZE, DEVELOP, FABRICATE, INTEGRATE, TEST, EVALUATE AND SUPPORT LAUNCH OF THE EUVS XRS IRRADIANCE SENSORS (EXIS), SUPPLY AND MAINTAIN THE INSTRUMENT GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (GSE), AND SUPPORT THE SATELLITE OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER (SOCC). THE EXIS IS CLASSIFIED AS A NON-PRIMARY INSTRUMENT SUITE ON THE GOES-R SATELLITE AND HAS A RISK CLASSIFICATION OF B. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PROVIDE THE PERSONNEL, MATERIALS, FACILITIES A
Who is the contractor on this award?
The obligated recipient is THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO.
Which agency awarded this contract?
Awarding agency: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
What is the total obligated amount?
The obligated amount is $105.2 million.
What is the period of performance?
Start: 2007-08-23. End: 2039-06-25.
What is the track record of The Regents of the University of Colorado in performing similar large-scale aerospace contracts for NASA?
The Regents of the University of Colorado, through its research and development arms, has a history of involvement in space science and instrument development. While specific details of past NASA contracts are not provided here, universities often collaborate with government agencies on research-intensive projects. Their role as a sole-source provider for the EXIS instrument suggests a deep, established expertise and a prior relationship with NASA on this specific program or related technologies. Further investigation into their contract history with NASA, particularly for flight hardware development and integration, would be necessary to fully assess their track record on comparable projects.
How does the cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) contract type compare to other pricing arrangements for satellite instrument development in terms of value for money?
Cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) contracts are common in research and development where the scope or cost is uncertain at the outset. For the government, this structure offers flexibility but carries the risk of cost overruns, as the contractor is reimbursed for allowable costs plus a fixed fee. Compared to fixed-price contracts, CPFF can be less advantageous for taxpayers if costs escalate significantly, as the government bears the primary financial risk. However, for highly complex, innovative projects like satellite instruments where requirements may evolve, CPFF can facilitate necessary adjustments and ensure the contractor is incentivized to complete the work without being unduly penalized by unforeseen technical hurdles. Value for money is thus highly dependent on robust government oversight and cost control measures.
What are the primary risks associated with the 'B' risk classification for the EXIS instrument, and how are they being mitigated?
A 'B' risk classification for the EUVS XRS Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) typically indicates a moderate level of technical or programmatic risk. This could stem from factors such as the use of new or unproven technologies, complex integration requirements, or potential challenges in meeting stringent performance specifications. Mitigation strategies would likely involve rigorous testing protocols at various stages of development (e.g., component, subsystem, system levels), detailed design reviews, redundancy in critical components where feasible, and close collaboration between the contractor and NASA's engineering teams. The long contract duration also allows for iterative development and problem-solving, which can help manage and reduce identified risks over time.
What is the historical spending pattern for the GOES-R satellite program, and how does this contract fit into the overall budget?
The GOES-R Series Satellite Program is a multi-billion dollar initiative by NOAA and NASA to develop and launch a new generation of geostationary weather satellites. This contract, valued at approximately $105 million, represents a significant but specific portion of the overall program budget, likely focused on the development and production of the EXIS instrument suite. Historical spending on the GOES-R program has been allocated across various phases, including satellite bus development, instrument procurement, launch services, and ground system upgrades. This $105 million award fits within the broader funding allocated for instrument development and integration, contributing to the overall cost of the GOES-R mission.
Given the sole-source nature, what mechanisms are in place to ensure the contractor remains accountable for performance and delivery timelines?
Despite the sole-source award, accountability is typically ensured through robust contract management and oversight by the procuring agency (NASA). This includes establishing clear performance metrics, delivery schedules, and quality standards within the contract. Regular progress reviews, milestone payments tied to successful completion of specific deliverables, and potential penalties for non-performance or delays are common mechanisms. NASA's contracting officers are responsible for monitoring the contractor's adherence to these terms. Furthermore, the contract's cost-plus-fixed-fee structure, while reimbursing costs, still requires the contractor to meet the defined scope and objectives to earn their fixed fee, providing a financial incentive for accountability.
Industry Classification
NAICS: Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services › Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services › Engineering Services
Product/Service Code: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT › Space R&D Services
Competition & Pricing
Extent Competed: NOT COMPETED
Solicitation Procedures: ONLY ONE SOURCE
Offers Received: 1
Pricing Type: COST NO FEE (S)
Evaluated Preference: NONE
Contractor Details
Address: 3100 MARINE ST RM 479, 572 UCB, BOULDER, CO, 80303
Business Categories: Category Business, Educational Institution, Higher Education, Not Designated a Small Business
Financial Breakdown
Contract Ceiling: $115,498,652
Exercised Options: $115,498,652
Current Obligation: $105,230,209
Actual Outlays: $12,516,242
Contract Characteristics
Commercial Item: COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS/SERVICES PROCEDURES NOT USED
Timeline
Start Date: 2007-08-23
Current End Date: 2039-06-25
Potential End Date: 2039-06-25 00:00:00
Last Modified: 2026-01-21
More Contracts from THE Regents of the University of Colorado
- This Effort IS the Extension of the Definition Phase (phase B) for the Earth Observing System (EOS) Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (solstice). the Output of the Phase B Extension Will BE a Conceptual Design Cost Review (cdcr). the Statement of Work IS Broken Down Into Three Sections: Instrument, Science, and Science Computing Facility. This IS a Principal Investigator (PI) Experiment to Make Long-Term Solar Observations With the EOS Solstice Instrument. the Measurements Will Contribute to an Improved Understanding of the Variable Energy Input to the Earth's Atmosphere With Special Emphasis on the Sun's Influence on the Temperature, Structure, Dynamics and Chemistry of the Atmospheric System. a Fundamental and Specific USE of EOS, Representing a Substantial Change From Past Practice, IS the Production and Archiving of Data Sets for General Scientific USE. These Data Sets Will Contribute to the Construction of Interdisciplinary Science Products. This Effort Will Include Management of the Complete Program and ITS Coordination. in Phase C/D/E, the University of Colorado (UC) Shall Provide the Facilities, Materials, Services, and Personnel Necessary to Continue the Sorce Mission. UC Shall BE Responsible for Mission Operations and Shall BE Responsible for the Safety of the Instruments and the Spacecraft BUS Through a Subcontract Arrangement With the Spacecraft Provider (orbital Sciences Corporation). UC Shall Develop/Maintain Algorithms for Producing the Science Data Products AS Proposed and Approved by Nasa HQ. After the Science Products Have Been Validated, These Products Will BE Transferred to the Gsfc Data Achieve for Achieve and Distribution. the Ground System Used in the Sorce Mission Shall Meet ALL Nasa Security Requirements — $144.0M (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
- Nasa Headquarters (HQ) Manages the Mars Exploration Program (MEP), Which Selected the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (maven) Project AS a Mars Scout Mission. the Maven Principal Investigator (PI) IS DR. Bruce Jakosky, of the University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (lasp) in Boulder, CO. the PI Will Have Overall Control of the Maven Project. HE Will Provide Science Leadership for the Maven Mission and Manage Education and Public Outreach. This Effort Applies to Lasp and Covers Phases a, B, C, D, and E of the Maven Mission. Under Phase a of This Contract, the Contractor IS Responsible for Schedule Management, Providing Technical Progress Reports, and Mission Reviews. Under Phase B, the Contractor IS Responsible for Supporting Requirements Analysis, Project Plans, Preliminary Design Reviews, Monthly Status Reviews, Quarterly Team Meetings, E/PO Activities, and the Preliminary Science Data Management Plan. Under Phases C and D, the Contractor IS Responsible for Supporting Monthly Status Reviews, Quarterly Team Reviews, Responding to Action Items That Result From Meetings/Reviews, Supporting Formal Reviews and Launch Site Activities, and Management of E/PO Activities. Under Phase E, the Contractor IS Responsible for Providing Overall Management of the Maven Science Program and Data Analysis Activities, Ensuring Delivery of Maven Science Data Products, Mission Documentation, and Analytical Software Tools Into PDS, Participating in Analysis and Resolution of Spacecraft Anomalies, AS Necessary, Providing Overall Management of E/PO Activities PER E/PO Plan, Presenting Scientific Results AT National Conferences and in Scientific Literature, and Providing Contract Closeout Support — $117.3M (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
- Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (tsis). This Statement of Work (SOW) Defines the Effort Required by the Contractor for the Design, Engineering Analyses, Hardware and Software Development, Fabrication, Integration, Algorithm Development, Test, Evaluation, and Delivery of the Tsis Instrument, and Support for Integration of the Tsis Instrument With the Npoess C1 Mission, Support for Launch Preparations and Launch and Early Operations. Scope for the Development and Implementation of Tsis Routine On-Orbit Operations, Tsis Instrument On-Orbit Data Processing and Analysis, and Tsis Post-Launch Science Support IS NOT Included AT This Time — $90.4M (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
- Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) for the Solar Dynamics Observatory(sdo) — $58.9M (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
- Support for the Snow and ICE Distributed Active Archive Center (daac) for the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (eosdis) Nasa HAS Established, Under ITS Earth Science Program, the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (eosdis), Which IS a Comprehensive Data System Managing the Data From Earth Science Research Satellites and Field Measurement Programs. the SI Daac IS ONE Element of Eosdis. the SI Daac Focuses on the Receiving, Archiving, Transforming, Validating, and Distributing Digital and Analog Snow and ICE Data Products Generated From Numerous Earth Observation Satellite Instruments, Airborne Instruments, AS Well AS in Situ Data Sets. the SI Daac Also Maintains Information About Snow Cover, Avalanches, Glaciers, ICE Sheets, Freshwater ICE, SEA ICE, Ground ICE, Permafrost, Atmospheric ICE, Paleo Glaciology, and ICE Cores. the Tasks Assigned to the SI Daac Under the Subject Contract Include Science Data Planning and Product Generation, System Development, Operations and Maintenance, and User Support. These Tasks Include Identifying and Making Available Sources of Snow and ICE Data, Supporting Development and Generation of NEW Information Products and Services Oriented to Researchers WHO Utilize These Data, and Providing These Information Products and Services to a Spectrum of Users Including Fundamental and Applied Researchers, Operational Users, and the General Public. the Contract Will Include the Following Specific Requirements: - Implement Improved Geophysical Algorithms in Conjunction With the User Community for Cryospheric and Polar Processes Including ICE Concentration and Types, ICE Surface Temperature, Surface Albedo, Snow Extent, and Snow Water Equivalent - Develop and Improve Methods for Acquiring and Assimilating Data Streams and Producing Research Quality Data Products to Meet Science Objectives for the Cryosphere and Polar Regions - Improve the Ability to Forecast and Assess Risks by Providing Snow Cover (AND Water Equivalent) and Snowmelt Forecasting - Work With Nasa to Develop Systems That Take Advantage of Commercial Cloud-Based Systems to Ingest, Archive, and Distribute Snow and ICE Data Including Specialized Science Data Services - Transition Current On-Premise Systems, Operations, Processes, Procedures and Policies to the Eosdis Cumulus Cloud Framework - Develop Greater Support by Scientists for Broad Science Communication and Education Efforts - Coordinate Activities AS Necessary With Eosdis, Other Organizations, Agencies, Daacs, Nasa Centers, Institutions and User Working Groups in Order to Accomplish the Goals and Objectives of This Contract. This Includes Developing and Maintaining Interfaces With Other Eosdis Organizational Elements, Other National and International Agencies With Which Eosdis Must Cooperate — $50.0M (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
View all THE Regents of the University of Colorado federal contracts →
Other National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contracts
- International Space Station — $22.4B (THE Boeing Company)
- TAS::80 0124::TAS Design, Development, Test&evaluation of Project Orion — $15.5B (Lockheed Martin Corp)
- Provide Developmental Hardware and Test Articles, and Manufacture and Assemble Ares I Upper Stages. the Upper Stage (US) Element IS an Integral Part of the Ares I Launch Vehicle and Provides the Second Stage of Flight. the US Element IS Responsible for the Roll Control During the First Stage Burn and Separation; and Will Provide the Guidance and Navigation, Command and Data Handling, and Other Avionics Functions for the Ares I During ALL Phases of the Ascent Flight. the US Element IS a NEW Design That Emphasizes Safety, Operability, and Minimum Life Cycle Cost. the Overall Design, Development, Test and Evaluation (ddt&e), Production, and Sustaining Engineering Efforts Include Activities Performed by Three Organizations; the Nasa Design Team (NDT), the Upper Stage Production Contractor (uspc) and the Instrument Unit Production Contractor (iupc). for Clarity, the Uspc Will BE Referred to AS the Contractor Throughout This Document. Nasa IS Responsible for the Integration of the Primary Elements of the Ares I Launch Vehicle Including: the First Stage, US Including Instrument Unit (IU), and US Engine; and Will Also Integrate the Ares I Launch Vehicle AT the Launch Site. Nasa IS Responsible for the Ddt&e, Including Technical and Programmatic Integration of the US Subsystems and Government-Furnished Property. Nasa Will Lead the Effort to Develop the Requirements and Specifications of the US Element, the Development Plan and Testing Requirements, and ALL Design Documentation, Initial Manufacturing and Assembly Process Planning, Logistics Planning, and Operations Support Planning. Development, Qualification, and Acceptance Testing Will BE Conducted by Nasa and the Contractor to Satisfy Requirements and for Risk Mitigation. Nasa IS Responsible for the Overall Upper Stage Verification and Validation Process and Will Require Support From the Contractor. the Contractor IS Responsible for the Manufacture and Assembly of the Upper Stage Test Flight and Operational Upper Stage Units Including the Installation of Upper Stage Instrument Unit, the Government-Furnished US Engine, Booster Separation Motors, and Other Government-Furnished Property. a Description of the Nasa Managed and Performed Efforts IS Contained in the US Work Packages and Will BE Made Available to the Contractor to Ensure Their Understanding of the Roles and Responsibilities of the NDT, Iupc, and Contractor During the Design, Development, and Operation of the US Element. the US Conceptual Design Described in the Uso-Clv-Se-25704 US Design Definition Document (DDD) IS the Baseline Design for This Contract. the Contractors Early Role Will BE to Provide Producibility Engineering Support to Nasa VIA the Established US Office Structure and to Provide Inputs Into the Final Design Configuration, Specifications, and Standards. Nasa Will Transition the Manufacturing and Assembly, Logistics Support Infrastructure, Configuration Management, and the Sustaining Engineering Functions to the Contractor AT the KEY Points During the Development and Implementation of the Program Currently Planned to Occur NO Later Than 90 Days After the Completion of the Following Major Milestones: Manufacturing and Assembly US Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Logistics Support Infrastructure US PDR Configuration Management US Critical Design Review CDR) Sustaining Engineering US Design Certification Review (DCR) After the Completion of an Orderly Transition of Roles and Responsibilities to the Contractor, Nasa Will Assume an Insight Role Into the Contractors Production, Sustaining Engineering, and Operations Support of the Ares I US Test Program and Flight Hardware. After DCR, the Contractor Will BE Responsible for Sustaining Engineering PER SOW Section 4.7, AS Necessary to Maintain and Support the US Configuration and for Production and Operations Support — $10.5B (THE Boeing Company)
- Space Program Operations Contract (spoc) — $8.5B (United Space Alliance, LLC)
- Joint Us/Russian Human Space Flight Activities — $4.7B (Russia Space Agency)
View all National Aeronautics and Space Administration contracts →